How many megabits are in 1 MB. What home internet speed do you really need?

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1 megabit per second (metric) [Mb/s] = 1,000,000 bits per second [b/s]

Initial value

Converted value

bits per second byte per second kilobits per second (metric) kilobytes per second (metric) kibibits per second kibibytes per second megabits per second (metric) megabytes per second (metric) mebibits per second mebibytes per second gigabits per second (metric) gigabytes in second (metric) gibibit per second gibibyte per second terabit per second (metric) terabyte per second (metric) tebibit per second tebibyte per second Ethernet 10BASE-T Ethernet 100BASE-TX (fast) Ethernet 1000BASE-T (gigabit) Optical carrier 1 Optical carrier 3 Optical carrier 12 Optical carrier 24 Optical carrier 48 Optical carrier 192 Optical carrier 768 ISDN (single channel) ISDN (dual channel) modem (110) modem (300) modem (1200) modem (2400) modem (9600) modem (14.4 k) modem (28.8k) modem (33.6k) modem (56k) SCSI (asynchronous mode) SCSI (synchronous mode) SCSI (Fast) SCSI (Fast Ultra) SCSI (Fast Wide) SCSI (Fast Ultra Wide) SCSI (Ultra- 2) SCSI (Ultra-3) SCSI (LVD Ultra80) SCSI (LVD Ultra160) IDE (PIO mode 0) ATA-1 (PIO mode 1) ATA-1 (PIO mode 2) ATA-2 (PIO mode 3) ATA- 2 (PIO mode 4) ATA/ATAPI-4 (DMA mode 0) ATA/ATAPI-4 (DMA mode 1) ATA/ATAPI-4 (DMA mode 2) ATA/ATAPI-4 (UDMA mode 0) ATA/ATAPI- 4 (UDMA mode 1) ATA/ATAPI-4 (UDMA mode 2) ATA/ATAPI-5 (UDMA mode 3) ATA/ATAPI-5 (UDMA mode 4) ATA/ATAPI-4 (UDMA-33) ATA/ATAPI- 5 (UDMA-66) USB 1.X FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995) T0 (Complete signal) T0 (B8ZS Composite signal) T1 (wanted signal) T1 (Complete signal) T1Z (Complete signal) T1C (wanted signal) T1C (complete signal) T2 (wanted signal) T3 (wanted signal) T3 (complete signal) T3Z (complete signal) T4 (wanted signal) Virtual Tributary 1 (wanted signal) Virtual Tributary 1 (complete signal) Virtual Tributary 2 (wanted signal) Virtual Tributary 2 (complete signal) Virtual Tributary 6 (wanted signal) Virtual Tributary 6 (complete signal) STS1 (wanted signal) STS1 (complete signal) STS3 (wanted signal) STS3 (complete signal) STS3c (wanted signal) STS3c (complete signal ) STS12 (wanted signal) STS24 (wanted signal) STS48 (wanted signal) STS192 (wanted signal) STM-1 (wanted signal) STM-4 (wanted signal) STM-16 (wanted signal) STM-64 (wanted signal) USB 2.X USB 3.0 USB 3.1 FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002) FireWire S1600 and S3200 (IEEE 1394-2008)

More information about data transfer

General information

Data can be in either digital or analogue format. Data transfer can also occur in one of these two formats. If both the data and the method of their transmission are analog, then the data transmission is analog. If either the data or the transmission method is digital, then the data transmission is called digital. In this article we will talk specifically about digital data transmission. Nowadays, digital data transmission and storing it in digital format are increasingly used, as this speeds up the transfer process and increases the security of information exchange. Apart from the weight of the devices needed to send and process data, digital data itself is weightless. Replacing analog data with digital helps facilitate the exchange of information. Data in digital format is more convenient to take with you on the road because, compared to data in analog format, such as paper, digital data does not take up space in your luggage, except for the media. Digital data allows users with Internet access to work in virtual space from anywhere in the world where the Internet is available. Multiple users can work with digital data simultaneously by accessing the computer on which it is stored and using the remote administration programs described below. Various Internet applications such as Google Docs, Wikipedia, forums, blogs, and others also allow users to collaborate on a single document. This is why digital data transmission is so widely used. Recently, environmentally friendly and “green” offices have become popular, where they are trying to switch to paperless technology in order to reduce the company’s carbon footprint. This has made the digital format even more popular. The statement that by getting rid of paper we will significantly reduce energy costs is not entirely correct. In many cases, this opinion is inspired by advertising campaigns of those who benefit from more people switching to paperless technologies, such as computer and software manufacturers. It also benefits those who provide services in this area, such as cloud computing. In fact, these costs are almost equal, since running computers, servers, and maintaining a network requires large amounts of energy, which is often obtained from non-renewable sources, such as burning fossil fuels. Many hope that paperless technology will indeed be more cost-effective in the future. In everyday life, people also began to work more often with digital data, for example, preferring e-books and tablets to paper ones. Large companies often announce in press releases that they are going paperless to show that they care about the environment. As described above, sometimes this is just a publicity stunt, but despite this, more and more companies are paying attention to digital information.

In many cases, the sending and receiving of data in digital format is automated, and such data exchange requires the bare minimum from users. Sometimes they just need to press a button in the program in which they created the data - for example, when sending an email. This is very convenient for users, since most of the data transfer work happens behind the scenes, in data centers. This work includes not only the direct processing of data, but also the creation of infrastructures for their rapid transfer. For example, in order to provide fast Internet connections, an extensive system of cables is laid along the ocean floor. The number of these cables is gradually increasing. Such deep-sea cables cross the bottom of each ocean several times and are laid across seas and straits in order to connect countries with access to the sea. Installing and maintaining these cables is just one example of the work behind the scenes. In addition, such work includes providing and supporting communications in data centers and Internet providers, maintaining servers by hosting companies, and ensuring the smooth operation of websites by administrators, especially those that provide users with the ability to transfer data in large quantities, e.g. forwarding mail, downloading files, publishing materials, and other services.

To transmit data in digital format, the following conditions are necessary: the data must be correctly encoded, that is, in the correct format; a communication channel, a transmitter and a receiver are needed, and finally protocols for data transmission.

Encoding and sampling

The available data is encoded so that the receiving party can read and process it. Encoding or converting data from analog to digital is called sampling. Most often, data is encoded in the binary system, that is, information is represented as a series of alternating ones and zeros. Once data is encoded in a binary system, it is transmitted in the form of electromagnetic signals.

If data in analog format needs to be transmitted over a digital channel, it is sampled. For example, analog telephone signals from a telephone line are encoded into digital signals in order to transmit them over the Internet to the recipient. In the discretization process, Kotelnikov's theorem is used, which in English is called the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, or simply the discretization theorem. According to this theorem, a signal can be converted from analog to digital without loss of quality if its maximum frequency does not exceed half the sampling frequency. Here, the sampling frequency is the frequency with which the analog signal is “sampled”, that is, its characteristics are determined at the moment of sampling.

Signal encoding can be either secure or open access. If the signal is protected and it is intercepted by people it was not intended for, they will not be able to decode it. In this case, strong encryption is used.

Communication channel, transmitter and receiver

The communication channel provides a medium for transmitting information, and transmitters and receivers are directly involved in transmitting and receiving the signal. A transmitter consists of a device that encodes information, such as a modem, and a device that transmits data in the form of electromagnetic waves. This could be, for example, a simple device in the form of an incandescent lamp that transmits messages using Morse code, a laser, or an LED. To recognize these signals, a receiving device is needed. Examples of receiving devices are photodiodes, photoresistors and photomultipliers, which sense light signals, or radios, which receive radio waves. Some such devices only work with analog data.

Data transfer protocols

Data protocols are similar to language in that they communicate between devices while data is being transferred. They also recognize errors that occur during this transfer and help resolve them. An example of a widely used protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP.

Application

Digital transmission is important because without it it would be impossible to use computers. Below are some interesting examples of the use of digital data transmission.

IP telephony

IP telephony, also known as voice over IP (VoIP) telephony, has recently gained popularity as an alternative form of telephone communication. The signal is transmitted over a digital channel, using the Internet instead of a telephone line, which allows you to transmit not only sound, but also other data, such as video. Examples of the largest providers of such services are Skype and Google Talk. Recently, the LINE program created in Japan has become very popular. Most providers provide audio and video calling services between computers and smartphones connected to the Internet for free. Additional services, such as computer-to-phone calls, are available for an additional fee.

Working with a thin client

Digital data transfer helps companies not only simplify the storage and processing of data, but also the work with computers within the organization. Sometimes companies use some computers for simple calculations or operations, for example, to access the Internet, and the use of ordinary computers in this situation is not always advisable, since computer memory, power, and other parameters are not fully used. One solution to this situation is to connect such computers to a server that stores data and runs programs that these computers need to operate. In this case, computers with simplified functionality are called thin clients. They can only be used for simple tasks, such as accessing a library catalog or using simple programs, such as cash register programs that record sales information in a database and also issue receipts. Typically, a thin client user works with a monitor and keyboard. The information is not processed on the thin client, but is sent to the server. The convenience of a thin client is that it gives the user remote access to the server through a monitor and keyboard, and does not require a powerful microprocessor, hard drive, or other hardware.

In some cases, special equipment is used, but often a tablet computer or monitor and keyboard from a regular computer are sufficient. The only information that the thin client itself processes is the interface for working with the system; all other data is processed by the server. It is interesting to note that sometimes ordinary computers, on which, unlike a thin client, process data, are called thick clients.

Using thin clients is not only convenient, but also profitable. Installing a new thin client does not require large expenses, since it does not require expensive software and hardware such as memory, hard drive, processor, software, and others. In addition, hard drives and processors stop working in very dusty, hot or cold rooms, as well as in high humidity and other unfavorable conditions. When working with thin clients, favorable conditions are only needed in the server room, since thin clients do not have processors and hard drives, and monitors and data input devices work fine in more difficult conditions.

The disadvantage of thin clients is that they do not work well when the GUI needs to be updated frequently, such as for videos and games. It is also problematic that if the server stops working, then all thin clients connected to it will also not work. Despite these disadvantages, companies are using thin clients more and more often.

Remote administration

Remote administration is similar to a thin client in that the computer that has access to the server (the client) can store and process data and use programs on the server. The difference is that the client in this case is usually “fat”. In addition, thin clients are most often connected to a local network, while remote administration occurs via the Internet. Remote administration has many uses, for example, it allows people to work remotely on a company server, or on their home server. Companies that perform part of their work in remote offices or collaborate with third parties can provide access to information to such offices through remote administration. This is convenient if, for example, customer support work takes place in one of these offices, but all company personnel need access to the customer database. Remote administration is usually secure and it is not easy for outsiders to access servers, although there is sometimes a risk of unauthorized access.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

What does the concept of “normal Internet speed” mean, what it should be for optimal work and leisure time on a personal computer. The same connection will seem quite sufficient to some, but to others it will seem like an inability to work effectively. What is normal for an Internet cafe, for Moscow State University, for example, “will not be enough.”

Using computers at home raises reasonable questions for users: what speed is a suitable tariff plan.

If a PC owner’s finances are limited, when choosing a tariff for home Internet, he will certainly be faced with a number of offers from providers that make it difficult to make the right decision. To avoid mistakes, you should know some parameters that determine the quality of the Internet at home.

To define, you first need to become familiar with the basic concepts.

Bits, kilobits, megabits

Data transfer speed is usually measured in bits/sec. But since a bit is a very small value, kilobits or megabits are used:

Kilobit = 1024 bits.
Megabit = 1024 kilobits.

With the advent of optical cables, Internet speeds have increased dramatically. If previously 128 kbit/sec was considered normal, today the parameter is measured in megabits and amounts to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/sec).

Therefore, megabits per second is the standard unit of measurement for modern Internet speed. The conditional classification of Internet communications is as follows:

slow – 512 Kbps;
low – 2 Mbit/s;
average – 10 Mbit/s;
high – 50 Mbit/s;
very high – 100 Mbit/sec.

You must understand that the lower the speed, the lower the tariff.

A byte is not a bit

Internet users are interested in working with files; their size is usually measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes, equal to:

Byte – 8 bits.
Kilobyte = 1024 bytes.
Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes.
Gigabyte = 1024 megabytes.

Inexperienced users confuse a byte with a bit. And they get megabits (Mbits) instead of megabytes. This leads to a serious error, for example, when calculating the download time of files.

It is impossible to accurately determine the period for downloading a file, because:

Providers indicate the maximum connection speed. The average (working) will be lower.
Speed is reduced by interference, especially if a remote router is used.
A remote FTP server limits the ability to download, so much so that everything else becomes unimportant.

But it is still possible to establish an approximate time. Calculations will be easier if you round:

byte = 10 bits;
kilobyte = 1 thousand bytes.

But it’s better to just start downloading and determine the download time using the program than to calculate the time theoretically.

What tasks influence the choice of speed?

The lower the Internet connection speed, the smaller the range of available tasks, but the tariff is cheaper. The right choice allows you to feel comfortable without wasting money.

Outlining the circle of interests

The Internet is used to solve various problems:

Surfing social networks, listening to music.
Online games.
Organizations of streaming broadcasting (stream).
Video calls.
Watching videos online.
Download music, movies, and other files.
Uploading files to cloud storage.

Selecting a connection

When the range of interests has been determined, we set goals for ourselves and choose the appropriate tariff.

Providers offer various types of connections, for example, 300 rubles per month for Internet access at a speed of 15 Mbit/sec.

The tariff descriptions contain two numbers:

the second is transmission (Upload).

If the second number is missing, then the speeds are equal. If necessary, this should be clarified with your Internet service provider.

What internet speed is enough?

A number of tasks that are necessary for him to work with a PC help the user determine this indicator:

For social networks and music

You don't need high speed to surf social networks and listen to music. The user will feel quite comfortable with 2 Mbit/sec. Even a speed of 512 Kbps will do, but website pages will open slower.

To watch videos online

The following speed indicators are considered normal for watching videos online, depending on the quality of videos and films:

SD video (360 p, 480 p) – 2 Mbit/sec.
HD video (720 p) – 5 Mbit/sec.
Full-HD (1080 p) – 8 Mbit/sec.
Ultra-HD (2160 p) – 30 Mbit/sec.

100 Mbit/s – this speed is more than enough to watch online video in any quality. Since browsing occurs buffering, small speed dips do not affect viewing.

For streaming

To organize streaming broadcasts, you need a stable Internet connection. For a high-quality stream, the speed should not fall below a critical level. For video stream:

480 p – 5 Mbit/sec.
720 p – 10 Mbit/sec.
1080p – 20 Mbit/sec.

But these are risky values. Transmission is the most critical, since broadcasting is uploading data to the Internet, so we focus on it.

Still, jumps are possible. The tariff is chosen to level them out.

We calculate the optimal speed for the Internet by multiplying the speed of a high-quality stream by 2.5. For example, let's calculate the speed for 480 p: 5 x 2.5 = 12.5 Mbit/sec.

Taking into account the fact that the boundary values are risky, we select Upload no lower than 15 Mbit/sec.

Online Games

Games are not demanding on speed parameters. For most popular games, 512 Kbps is sufficient. This value is suitable for:

"Dota 2".
"World of Warcraft".
"GTA"
"World of Tanks".

But loading the game and downloading updates at a speed of 512 Kbps will be very slow, since you will have to download tens of gigabytes. In order not to wait for hours, it is better to ensure a speed of up to 70 Mbit/s.

For games, the determining factor is the quality of the communication channel, characterized by the “ping” parameter. the time during which the signal (request) reaches the server and returns back (response). Ping is measured in milliseconds (ms).

Ping is affected by:

The reliability of the Internet provider, which consists in the ability to maintain the declared quality of communication.
Distance from client to server. For example, the player is located in Sevastopol, and the World of Warcraft game server is in London.

Acceptable ping values:

A constant ping value above 300 ms on any server is considered a symptom of serious network connection problems. Reaction time is extremely low.

For smartphones and tablets

If the device is connected to a router via Wi-Fi, it will work in the same way as a computer. The difference is that advanced sites offer pages for gadgets with convenient placement of information on a small screen.

But smartphones and tablets are designed for mobile Internet. Cellular operators for working with the Internet offer:

3G standard – up to 4 Mbit/s;
4G standard – up to 80 Mbit/s.

The operator's website contains a coverage map with marked 3G and 4G zones. The terrain of a particular area makes adjustments, then instead of 4G there will be 3G, and instead of 3G there will be 2G - the standard is too slow for the Internet.

4G communication is provided only by devices equipped with modern radio modules.

On the mobile Internet, the client pays for traffic, not for speed. There is no question of choosing a normal Internet speed for the device. The user selects the appropriate number of megabytes of traffic.

For video calls

voice calls – 100 Kbps;
video calls – 300 Kbps;
video calls (HD standard) – 5 Mbit/s;
voice video communication (five participants) – 4 Mbit/s (reception) 512 Kbit/s (transmission).

In practice, these values are multiplied by 2.5 to level out the jumps.

Factors affecting connection speed

The quality of the connection is affected by the following factors:

Wi-Fi standard supported by devices.
The frequency at which data is transmitted.
Walls and partitions in the signal path.
Computer and browser settings.
VPN and proxy.
Outdated drivers.
Interference from other networks.
Viruses and malware.

You can find out the current connection speed (it’s better to check at night) using the SpeedTest service. If it differs greatly from that stated by the provider, you need to find the reason.

When choosing a connection speed, the number of users connected to Wi-Fi and the speed characteristics of tasks used in parallel mode are taken into account when choosing the appropriate tariff.

Conclusion

You can use the Internet in different ways. It is difficult to list all the assigned tasks. But among those considered, you need to find a similar one and decide on the connection.

Terms denoting Internet speed are extremely difficult to understand for a person who is far from this topic. For example, a provider offers an Internet service at a speed of 1 Mbit/sec, but you don’t know whether this is a lot or a little. Let's figure out what mbps is, and how Internet connection speed is measured in general.

Decoding the abbreviation

"mbps" ( mbit per second) - megabits per second. It is in these units that connection speed is most often measured. All providers indicate speed in megabits per second in their advertisements, so we should also understand these values.

How much is 1 mbps?

To begin with, we note that 1 bit is the smallest unit for measuring the amount of information. Along with a bit, people often use a byte, forgetting that these two concepts are completely different. Sometimes they say "byte" when they mean "bit", and vice versa. Therefore, it is worth considering this issue in more detail.

So, 1 bit is the smallest unit of measurement. 8 bits are equal to one byte, 16 bits are equal to two bytes, etc. That is, you just need to remember that a byte is always 8 times larger than a bit.

Given that both units are very small, in most cases the prefixes “mega”, “kilo” and “giga” are used for them. You should know what these prefixes mean from your school course. But if you forgot, it’s worth reminding:

"Kilo" is a multiplication by 1,000. 1 kilobit is equal to 1,000 bits, 1 kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes.
"Mega" - multiplication by 1,000,000. 1 megabit is equal to 1,000 kilobits (or 1,000,000 bits), 1 megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobytes.
"Giga" - multiplication by 1,000,000,000. Equals 1,000 megabits (or 1,000,000,000 bits), 1 gigabyte equals 1024 megabytes.

In simple terms, connection speed is the speed of information sent and received by a computer in one unit of time (per second). If the speed of your Internet connection is stated as 1 mbps, what does this mean? In this case, this means that your Internet speed is 1 megabit per second or 1,000 kilobits/second.

How much is that?

Many users believe that mbps is a lot. Actually this is not true. Modern networks are so developed that, given their capabilities, 1 mbps is nothing at all. Let's calculate this speed using the example of downloading files from the Internet.

Keep in mind that mbps is megabits per second. Divide the value of 1 by 8 and get megabytes. Total 1/8=0.125 megabytes/second. If we want to download music from the Internet, then provided that one track weighs 3 megabytes (usually tracks weigh that much), we can download it in 24 seconds. It’s easy to calculate: 3 megabytes (the weight of one track) needs to be divided by 0.125 megabytes/second (our speed). The result is 24 seconds.

But this only applies to an ordinary song. What if you want to download a movie that is 1.5 GB in size? Let's count:

1500 (megabytes) : 0.125 (megabytes per second) = 12,000 (seconds).

Converting seconds to minutes:

12,000: 60 = 200 minutes or 3.33 hours.

Thus, with an Internet speed of 1 mbps, we can download a 1.5 GB movie in 3.33 hours. Here you can judge for yourself whether it will take long or not.

Considering the fact that in large cities Internet providers offer Internet speeds of up to 100 mbps, we would be able to download a movie with the same volume in just 2 minutes, and not in 200. That is, 100 times faster. Based on this, we can come to the conclusion that mbps is a low speed.

However, everything is relative. In some remote village, where it is generally difficult to even get a GSM network, having Internet with such speed is cool. However, in a large metropolis with huge competition between providers and mobile operators, such a weak Internet connection cannot exist.

Conclusion

Now you know how to determine Internet speed, and you can understand a little about these units of measurement. Of course, getting confused in them is a piece of cake, but the main thing to remember is that a bit is an eighth of a byte. And the prefixes “kilo”, “mega” and “giga” only add three, six or nine zeros, respectively. If you understand this, then everything falls into place.

At higher levels of network models, a larger unit is typically used - bytes per second(B/c or Bps, from English b ytes p er s second ) equal to 8 bit/s.

Derived units

To denote higher transmission speeds, larger units are used, formed using the prefixes of the C system kilo-, mega-, giga- etc. getting:

Kilobits per second- kbit/s (kbps)
Megabits per second- Mbit/s (Mbps)
Gigabits per second- Gbit/s (Gbps)

Unfortunately, there is ambiguity regarding the interpretation of prefixes. There are two approaches:

kilobit is treated as 1000 bits (according to SI, as kilo gram or kilo meter), megabit as 1000 kilobits, etc.
A kilobit is interpreted as 1024 bits, incl. 8 kbps = 1 KB/s (not 0.9765625).

To unambiguously designate a prefix divisible by 1024 (and not 1000), the International Electrotechnical Commission came up with the prefixes “ kibi"(abbreviated Ki-, Ki-), « furniture"(abbreviated Mi-, Mi-) etc.

1 byte- 8 bits
1 kibibit- 1024 bits - 128 bytes
1 mebibit- 1048576 bits - 131072 bytes - 128 kbytes
1 Gibibit- 1073741824 bits - 134217728 bytes - 131072 kbytes - 128 MB

The telecommunications industry has adopted the SI system for the prefix kilo. That is, 128 Kbit = 128000 bits.

Common mistakes

Beginners often get confused kilobits c kilobytes, expecting a speed of 256 KB/s from a 256 kbit/s channel (on such a channel the speed will be 256,000 / 8 = 32,000 B/s = 32,000 / 1,000 = 32 KB/s).
Bauds and bits/c are often (wrongly or intentionally) confused.
1 kbaud (as opposed to kbit/s) is always equal to 1000 baud.

Broadcast type	Video bitrate	Audio bitrate (stereo)	Traffic Mb/s (megabytes per second)
Ultra HD 4K	25-40 Mbit/s	384 kbps	from 2.6
1440p (2K)	10 Mbit/s	384 kbps	1,2935
1080p	8000 kbps	384 kbps	1,0435
720p	5000 kbps	384 kbps	0,6685
480p	2500 kbps	128 kbps	0,3285
360p	1000 kbps	128 kbps	0,141

How many megabits are in 1 MB. What home internet speed do you really need?

More information about data transfer