Mechanical computing devices by Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci's calculating device
Botany
“The circles of cut tree branches show the number of their years and which were wetter or drier, depending on their greater or less thickness. And this is how they show the countries of the world [depending on] where they will be facing; because the thicker ones are facing more north than to the south, and thus the center of the tree for this reason is closer to its southern than to its northern bark. And although this is of no use to painting, I will still write about it in order to omit as little as possible. I know about trees."
“Nature in many plants has arranged the leaves of the last branches so that the sixth leaf is always above the first, and so on, in the same sequence...”
Anthropology
“Look, the hope and desire to settle in one’s homeland and return to one’s first state is likened to a butterfly in relation to light, and a person who is always with an incessant desire, full of jubilation, awaits a new spring, always a new summer, and always new months, and new years - and it seems to him that the desired objects are too slow to come - he does not notice that he desires his own destruction. And this desire is the quintessence, the spirit of the elements, which, being imprisoned by the soul of the human body, always strives to return to the one who sent it! , so that you know that this desire is the quintessence - the companion of nature, and man is the example of the world." (83 Br. M. 156. v.)
“Man was called by the ancients a small world - and there is no dispute that this name is appropriate, for just as a person is made up of earth, water, air and fire, so is the body of the earth. If a person has bones that serve him as support, and covers made of meat - in the world there are rocks, supports of the earth; if in a person there is a lake of blood - where the lung grows and decreases with breathing - the body of the earth has its own ocean, which also grows and decreases every 6 hours, with the breathing of the world; lakes originate from veins, which, branching, spread throughout the human body, then in the same way the ocean fills the body of the earth with endless water veins. The body of the earth lacks tendons, which do not exist because tendons are created for the sake of movement, and since the world is in a constant state. equilibrium, then there is no movement here, and since there is no movement, then tendons are not needed. But in everything else they are very similar.” (394 A. 55. v.)
Medicine
“We create our life through the death of others. In a dead thing there remains an unconscious life, which, once again entering the stomach of the living, again acquires sentient and intelligent life.” (81 H2. 41 v.) “Medicine is the restoration of the harmony of elements that have lost mutual balance; disease is the disorder of the elements united in a living organism.” (41 Tr. 4.)
Aerodynamics
“When a bird wants to rise with the flapping of its wings, it raises its shoulders and strikes the ends of its wings towards itself, as a result of which the air between the ends of its wings and its chest is compacted, and this air tension lifts the bird up” (V.U. 6 v.)
“The same resistance of a bird’s wings is always caused by the fact that their ends are equally distant from the center of gravity of this bird... But when one of the ends of the wings is closer to the center of gravity than the other end, then the bird will descend on the side on which the end of the wings closer to the center of gravity." (V.U. 15 r- 14 v.)
Astronomy
Leonardo was an artist with a perfect understanding of light and shadow, and this is reflected in his scientific views. His observations of the moon in its waxing crescent phase led to one of the most important scientific statements in the Codex Leicester - that sunlight reflects off the oceans on Earth and produces a secondary illumination of the moon. This discovery contrasts with Leonardo's belief that the moon reflects light because it is covered with water. "Some have believed that the moon has a little light of its own, but this opinion is false, since it is based on the flickering visible in the middle between the horns of the new moon... such a glow at this time is due to our ocean and other inland seas - since they then illuminated by the sun at its setting point, in such a way that the sea then plays the same role for the dark side of the moon as the full moon plays for us when the sun sets...."
Codex Leicester
Paleontology
Observing fossilized shells in the mountains of northern Italy, Leonardo explains why they were found far from the sea. The prevailing view at the time was that such fossils either "grew" in rocks, like mineral crystals, or were carried away from the sea by the Biblical Flood.Recognizing in fossils the remains of once living organisms, and arguing against the idea of the Flood, Leonardo reasoned that such fragile shells could not have been brought so deep inland and survived without damage. He also noted that the fossils usually lie in successive layers of rock, indicating that they were deposited by multiple events rather than just once. He also noticed that groups of different fossilized shells found together resembled groups of living creatures gathered in coastal waters. For all these reasons, Leonardo correctly concluded that the fossils were from animals that once inhabited the ancient sea that covered the earth.
Codex Leicester American Museum of Natural History
“In a river of the same depth, in a narrower place, the flow will be as fast as in a wider one, in proportion as the larger width exceeds the smaller one. This position is clearly proven by reasoning, supported by experience. In fact, when a mile of water passes through a canal a mile wide, then where the river is five miles wide, each square mile will provide one-fifth of its portion to cover the shortage of water; and where the river will be three miles wide, each of these square miles will provide a third of its share to cover the shortage; lack of water in a narrow place; but then the proposition that a river, regardless of its width, allows an equal amount of water at the same time, regardless of the width of the river, could not be true.”
(T.A. VIII, 41.)
Optics
“If the eye is between two horses running parallel to a target, it will seem to it that they are running towards each other. This occurs because the images of horses imprinted on the eye move towards the center of the surface of the eye pupil.” (330. K. 120 v.)
“The eye, which perceives through a very small round hole the rays of objects located behind the hole, always perceives them inverted, and yet the visual power sees them in the place where they really are. This happens because the said rays pass through the center of the lens, located in the middle of the eye, and then diverge towards the back wall of it. The rays are located on this wall, following the object that caused them, and are transmitted from there through the sensory organ to the general sense, which judges them. That this is so is proven as follows: do it. with the tip of the needle, a small hole in the paper and look through it at objects located on the other side. If you move the needle from top to bottom, then on the other side of the hole the movement of the needle will seem opposite to its actual movement. The reason for this is that if the needle is between. with the paper and the eye it touches the uppermost lines of the rays, at the same time it covers the lower ones on the other side of the paper; and when the needle goes down, it finally reaches the lowest line on this side of the paper, therefore, at the same time, the highest one on that side of it." (321. D. 3 v.) Physics
“Multiply the larger arm of the scale by the load supported by it, and divide the result by the smaller arm, and the quotient will be the load which, being on the smaller arm, resists the lowering of the larger arm in case of balance of the arms of the scale.” (A. 47 r.) “A weight suspended from one arm of a lever made of any material is lifted at the end of the opposite arm as much as much as one arm is larger than the other.” (A. 47 v.)
“If a force moves a body at a certain time over a certain distance, the same force will move half of this body at the same time twice the distance.” (91. F. 26 r.)
Mathematics
“Let no one who is not a mathematician read me in my foundations.” (W.An. IV, 14 v.)
“There is no certainty in sciences where none of the mathematical sciences can be applied, and in that which has no connection with mathematics.” (G. 36 v.)
“Double the square formed by the diagonal section of a given cube, and you will have a diagonal section of a cube twice as large as the given one: double one of the two square areas formed by the diagonal section of the cube... Another proof given by Plato to the Delians is geometric, not because it is being with the help of tools - a compass and a ruler, and experience does not give it to us, but it is entirely mental and, therefore, geometric." (F. 59 r.)
Materials from foreign newspapers and websites
"Leonardo's cars, from fantasy to reality"
Claudia Di GiorgioLeonardo and his codes are still in fashion, and not only thanks to the acclaimed novel by Dan Brown. An exhibition at the Accademia Lincei dedicated to the “Atlantic Codex” will tell you who Leonardo da Vinci was and what he actually wrote and invented. The international exhibition will feature original illustrations reproduced by Hoepli between 1894 and 1904.
Among the 10 codices into which Leonardo's manuscripts are divided today, the Codex Atlanticus is the most voluminous, containing most of his notes of a scientific and technical nature.
The 1119 sheets that make up the Atlantic Codex contain records on mathematics and astronomy, botany and architecture, physics and the art of war. But above all, this part of Leonardo's legacy includes descriptions of machines, astonishing insights from the field of mechanics and engineering, which, invented and described five centuries ago, continue to delight and surprise.
When Leonardo's notes were first published at the end of the 19th century, one of the elements that most captured people's imaginations were the detailed drawings of mechanisms and machines that did not appear until hundreds of years later. Bicycles, submarines, propellers, tanks, looms, ball bearings and, of course, flying cars: there is not a single invention that is not in one way or another connected with Leonardo’s scientific and technical intuition. In fact, most of these plans and drawings did not become actual machines and mechanisms during Leonardo's lifetime. Moreover, the incompleteness of his creations is so legendary that according to legend, his last words were: “Tell me something is done!” Many of the great master’s drawings turned out to be unrealizable at that time due to the lack of necessary technologies.
However, in recent decades, the reconstruction of Leonard's machines and the testing of their effective functionality has become almost a trend in the history of science. For example, in the Scientific Museum of Milan there are more than 30 models, other models will be on display from January 13 in the halls of the Museum of Roman Culture.
Lincei's exhibit is decorated with the most modern version of Leonardo's machine - by far the most surprising "self-propelled tank" on three wheels, which some saw as nothing more and nothing less than a prototype of NASA's self-propelled vehicles exploring Mars. Unveiled this year at the Museum of the History of Science in Florence, "Leonardo's Automobile" was assembled by Carlo Perdetti, one of the most famous experts of Leonardo's plans and designs, a specialist in the field of robotics. The wooden cart is able to move only thanks to a spring motor and is equipped with a steering mechanism. But Leonardo developed this machine not for transporting people, but as a mechanism for the stage during performances at court. Thus, more than the Martian robot, it was a precursor to special effects equipment.
"Republica"(Translated January 11, 2005) InoPress
Leonardo's car can fly
Paola de CarolisThe car flies. But he will never know about it: the hang glider, conceived by Leonardo da Vinci more than 500 years ago, is capable of flying. It cannot perform aerobatic maneuvers, but it takes off from the ground and reaches a height of 15 meters. Perhaps in the era of Concorde and supersonic aviation there are more ambitious records, but few are able to climb aboard a machine designed five centuries ago.
In the UK, two hang gliders were nevertheless created - this year on British television was called the year of Leonardo's great creations. It is planned to show two documentaries about how, at the end of the 15th century, Leonardo was already laying the foundations of modern life. Both hang gliders are usable. The first was created for a BBC program from a single drawing by Leonardo; it most accurately reproduces the inventor's idea and was created from materials that could be at his disposal. The second hang glider, built for Channel 4, used several designs from the great Leonardo: a control wheel and trapezoid, which Leonardo later invented, were added to the 1487 drawing.
"My first reaction was surprise. His beauty simply amazed me." Judy Liden knows her way around hang gliders. She is a world champion, and for this reason (and also due to her weight of 52 kg) she was chosen as the pilot of two of Leonardo's flying machines. “I was a little scared when I was warned that I could only climb to a safe height from which I could fall without hurting myself. The designers were afraid that the hang glider would break in flight, but it turned out to be more durable than modern models.”
Two flights, two results: the Air Force hang glider took to the air several times, but only for a few seconds, the second flew a distance of 30 meters at an altitude of 15 meters. “This flight can be compared to driving a car that has a gas pedal and brakes, but no steering wheel,” Liden said. Leonardo's hang glider flies beautifully, but is very clumsy. “Leonardo was a man of extraordinary ability: 500 years ago he was already thinking about how to create a helicopter and other flying machines,” said Andrew Nahum, director of aeronautics at the Science Museum in London, who was involved in work on two projects. “Moving from paper to reality is not easy.”
“When I saw it, I told myself it would never fly,” said Tim Moore, who assembled the hang glider for Channel 4. Before Liden flew the RAF hang glider, it was placed on a test bed at the University of Liverpool. “The main problem is stability,” says Professor Gareth Padfield. “They did the right thing by carrying out bench tests. Our pilot fell several times. This device is very difficult to control.” Test flights were conducted in Surrey, England, and Tuscany.
According to BBC science series producer Michael Mosley, the reason the hang glider cannot fly flawlessly is because Leonardo did not want his inventions to be used for military purposes. "By building the machines he designed and discovering the errors, we felt they were made for a reason. Our hypothesis is that Leonardo, a pacifist who had to work for the military leaders of that era, deliberately introduced erroneous information into his designs."
Proof? A note written on the back of a blueprint for a diving respirator: "By knowing how the human heart works, they can learn to kill people underwater."
"Corriere della sera"(Translated January 27, 2003) InoPress
Leonardo's car comes back to life
John Hooper
It took more than 500 years to get from drawing to showroom, but today the first working model of the "automobile" conceived by Leonardo Da Vinci is to be shown at an exhibition in Florence. Eight months of work by computer designers, engineers and carpenters proved what had been doubted for centuries: the mechanism sketched around 1478 by the most versatile genius in history actually moves.
"This was, or is, the world's first self-propelled vehicle," said Paolo Galluzzi, director of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence, who is overseeing the project.
Perhaps it is reasonable that mankind waited for the invention of steam traction and then the internal combustion engine. Leonardo's car, 1.68 m long and 1.49 m wide, moves using a clock mechanism. The spring is wound by rotating the wheels in the opposite direction to the movement.
"This is a very powerful machine," said Professor Galluzzi. So powerful that, although a “full-scale working model” was made, they did not dare to test it. "She could have collided with something and caused serious damage," he said.
The carriage shown yesterday in Florence was an exact replica on a scale of one to three.
Several attempts to create a car based on Leonardo's drawings were made in the last century. They all ended in failure.
The reason was a misunderstanding that Leonardo had equipped his machine with a motor made of two large flat springs, bent like the crossbow shown in the sketch in the Codex Atlanticus (folio 812r), one of the greatest collections of his sketches and writings.
In 1975, Carlo Pedretti, director of the Armand Hammer Center for the Study of Leonardo Da Vinci in Los Angeles, published an article that included early 15th-century copies of some of Da Vinci's early sketches from the Uffizi archives. “Two drawings contain a top view of the spring mechanism of a famous self-propelled carriage from the Codex Atlantis,” he wrote.
Studying the copies, Professor Pedretti realized that the springs were not intended to move the car, but to control the engine mechanism located elsewhere. In 1996, American robotics specialist Mark Rosheim reported on his intuition in his book. "He believes that the motive power is provided by springs coiled in drums," Mr. Rosheim wrote.
The idea that the "engines" were located at the bottom of the machine in two drum-like shells solved many of the puzzles in Leonardo's design. But until the moment when Professor Galluzzi and his team began work, it remained only a theory.
Their first step was to create a computer model.
"It took four months," Professor Galluzzi told the Guardian. "But at the end of the day we had a mechanism that we were confident would work."
To test the limits of Leonardo's genius, it was decided to try to realize his dream using the materials available to the master in his time. This meant working mainly with wood.
Florentine furniture restorers were asked what kind of wood their predecessor would have chosen for this or that part of the cart.
“The biggest problem was finding wood for the screws because it had to be hard and resistant. The completed vehicle contains five types of wood and "exceptionally fine mechanisms."
Leonardo scholars have long believed that the carriage was intended to create special effects during theatrical performances.
The machine has a brake that can be controlled from a distance by an operator with a hidden rope, so that the machine appears to move on its own.
The programmable control mechanism allows you to move straight or turn at a predetermined angle. But only to the right. This is good in one-way cities like Florence today. As always, Leonardo was centuries ahead of his time.
"The Guardian" (Saturday, April 24, 2004) Leonardo's car brought to life
Leonardo da Vinci's calculating machine
Eres KaplanPrologue:
It all started 2 years ago in June 1994 during a trip to Boston. When visiting the "Boston Museum of Adding Machines", I bought the booklet "The History of Adding Machines" by Marguerite Zientara. On the third page I saw an unusual image called "Leonardo da Vinci's Calculating Machine." I started asking here and there about this calculator, but the more I asked, the less I knew, since no other books mentioned it. This mechanism has been the topic of my search over the past two years. He required numerous emails, faxes, phone calls and more to gather information about the history of this unusual copy.
My special thanks go to Mr. Joseph Mirabella (New York), adopted son and assistant of Dr. Guatelli, for his early sketches and photographs of this exhibit.
So one day...
On February 13, 1967, American researchers working in Madrid, at the National Library of Spain, made an amazing discovery. They discovered two lost works by Leonardo da Vinci, now known as the Codex Madrid. The discovery sparked great interest, with officials saying the manuscripts "were not lost, just misplaced."
Dr. Roberto Guatelli was a renowned expert on Leonardo da Vinci. He specialized in building exact working copies of Leonardo's machines. With four assistants, including his chief assistant, his adopted son Joseph Mirabella, he created countless models.
In early 1951, IBM invited Dr. Guatelli to continue working on the copies. A traveling exhibition was organized and shown in schools, offices, laboratories, museums and galleries.
In 1967, shortly after the discovery of the Codex Madrid, Dr. Guatelli went to the University of Massachusetts to examine a copy of the Codex. While studying the page with the calculator, he remembered that he had seen a similar drawing in the Atlantic Codex. By combining these two drawings, Dr. Guatelli created an exact copy of the adding machine in 1968. The mechanism he assembled was presented by IBM at the exhibition. The text underneath the exhibit read: "A calculating device: an early version of the modern adding machine. Leonardo's mechanism maintains a constant ratio of ten to one in each of its 13 recording numeric wheels. After a full turn of the first knob, the units wheel turns slightly to mark a new digit ranging from zero to nine. According to the ten to one ratio, the tenth turn of the first knob causes the ones wheel to make a full revolution to zero, which in turn moves the tens wheel from zero to one. Each subsequent wheel marks hundreds, thousands, etc., operates in a similar manner. Compared to Leonardo's original sketch, slight improvements have been made to give the viewer a clearer picture of how each of these 13 wheels can move independently and still maintain a ten to one ratio. Leonardo's sketch includes weights to. demonstrate the balance of the mechanism."
However, within a year, objections arose regarding this model, and then Academic tests were conducted at the University of Massachusetts to establish the authenticity of the mechanism.
Among others, Professor I. Bernard Cohen, a consultant on the IBM collection, and Dr. Bern Diebner, a leading expert on Leonardo, were present.
Opponents argued that Leonardo's drawing does not depict a calculating machine, but a proportioning mechanism. One revolution of the first axis causes 10 revolutions of the second and 10 to the 13th power of revolutions of the last axis. But such a machine could not be built due to the enormous frictional force that accumulated as a result.
It was said that Dr. Guatelli "relyed on his own intuition and imagination and went beyond the ideas of Leonardo." The votes were evenly divided, however, IBM decided to remove the controversial copy from the collection.
Epilogue:
Dr. Guatelli died in September 1993 at the age of 89. The whereabouts of the copy are unknown today. It's probably in one of the IBM repositories somewhere. Joseph Mirabella still runs a store in New York City that sells many handmade replicas.
(Translated April 15, 2005, with the kind permission of the author of the article).
for the magazine "Man Without Borders"
A kind of modification of the abacus was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. He created a sketch of a 13-bit adding device with ten-tooth rings. Drawings of this device were found among Leonardo's two-volume collection on mechanics, known as the Codex Madrid. This device is something like a counting machine based on rods, on one side there is a smaller one on the other, a larger one, all the rods (13 in total) had to be arranged in such a way that the smaller one on one rod touches the larger one on the other. Ten revolutions of the first wheel should lead to one full revolution of the second, 10 of the second to one full revolution of the third, etc.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Manual stage of computer technology development
The development of mechanics in the 17th century became a prerequisite for the creation of computing devices and instruments using the mechanical principle of calculations such.. Hollerite complex machine.. post machine..
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Manual stage of computer technology development
The manual stage of development of VT began at the dawn of human civilization - it covers the period from the 50th millennium BC. and until the 17th century. Recording the counting results of different peoples on different continents
Chiccard's car
Schickard's machine consisted of three independent devices: adding, multiplying and recording numbers. Addition was carried out by sequentially entering addends using dials, and subtraction
Pascal's machine
The first working model of a adding machine was created in 1642
Babbage's machine
Babbage's Analytical Engine was a single complex of specialized units. According to the project, it included the following devices. The first is a device for storing source data and intermediate
Leibniz machine
The machine created by Leibniz in 1694 made it possible to use mechanical
Other cars
In the second half of the 19th century, a whole generation of mechanical calculating machines appeared. Here is Slonimsky’s “computing tool”, and the original calculating machines of Felt, Burroughs, Bole, and Arif
Electromechanical stage of development of computer technology
No matter how brilliant the age of mechanical adding machines was, it too had exhausted its capabilities. People needed more energetic helpers. This forced inventors to look for ways to improve the calculation
Turing machine
Alan Matheson Turing is an outstanding English mathematician who made a grand discovery that marked the beginning of the computer era. At the age of less than 24, he mentally constructed an abstract me
Principle of operation
Post's machine consists of a carriage (or read and write head) and a tape divided into sections, which is considered conventionally endless in both directions. Each cell can contain a character from a fixed
Stage of electronic computers
Since the early 1990s, the term “computer” has replaced the term “electronic computer” (computer), which, in turn, replaced the concept of “digital computing” in the 1960s.
Personal Computer
Personal computer - a computer specially designed for single-user work
Generation of computers and supercomputers
Intensive development of V generation computers is currently underway. The development of subsequent generations of computers is based on large integrated circuits with an increased degree of integration, the use of optical
Supercomputers
However, capacity will continue to grow. This is necessary for solving global problems, such as calculating the aerodynamics of cars and the properties of various nanostructures, and 3D modeling. Computers with
In the 21st century, humanity is in a whirlpool of a huge number of numbers: bills, salaries, taxes, dividends, loans, etc. It is also inevitable that the world would move much slower without such a seemingly simple computing device as a calculator. After all, how many necessary operations we perform with the help of this object, which was invented several centuries earlier.
Prototype of Leonardo's calculator
In the winter of 1967, American scientists, working on one of the projects based on the National Library of Spain, made an amazing discovery. Researchers have discovered two lost works by da Vinci that are now integral parts of the Codex Madrid. This artifact contains drawings of a counting mechanism made by Leonardo in 1492.
The prototype of the calculator was based on a base with a pair of jagged wheels: a large wheel on one side, a small one on the other. Based on the drawings left behind by da Vinci, it can be understood that the bases were arranged in such a way that the large wheel of one part was linked to the small wheel of another part, and the rods themselves were turned over one at a time. The mechanism was driven by a chain reaction: the first rod, making ten revolutions, forced one revolution of the second rod, respectively, ten revolutions of the third - to one revolution of the fourth. In total, the car had 13 parts that moved thanks to special weights.
It is believed that Leonardo da Vinci failed to implement this project during his lifetime.
Roberto Guatelli and Leonardo da Vinci
Roberto Guatelli was a renowned expert on the biography, work and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. Since 1951, together with the IBM organization, he has been reproducing Leonardo's great works, studying the drawings and sketches he left behind. While conducting research on the computer work in the Codex Madrid, Guatelli discovered that there were similarities with sketches in the Codex Atlantica, another large-scale work of the inventor.
Based on two images, in the late 60s Roberto Guatelli recreated a sample of a computer. The device worked on a ten to one principle on each of the 13 parts. After the first handle made a full rotation, the units wheel began to move, and a number from 0 to 9 appeared. After the tenth rotation of the first lever was completed, the units mechanism repeated the same action and returned to the zero mark, which was moved by the decimal mechanism by unit. Accordingly, each subsequent wheel was responsible for designating hundreds, thousands, etc.
Guatelli made some adjustments to Leonardo's drawing, with the help of which a more complete and detailed picture of what was happening was revealed to the viewer.
But after a year of existence of the reproduction of the computer, discussions arose regarding the exact reproduction of the mechanism. Therefore, a group of academic studies was conducted to establish the originality of this invention. There was a hypothesis that Leonardo's drawings depicted a device involved in carrying out proportions, and not a computer. There was also an opinion that in the apparatus the rotation of the first base led to ten revolutions of the second, one hundred revolutions of the third and 10 to the 13th degree of rotation of the last. Opponents believed that this mechanism could not function due to too much friction.
IBM, despite disagreements among researchers, decided to remove the subject of debate from the collection.
So, the first prototype of the calculator was not only able to take on a material shell several centuries later, but also became the subject of controversy in the scientific community.
The need for automatic calculation arose in the Middle Ages due to the sharp increase in trade operations and oceanic shipping during this period. Trade required large financial transactions, and shipping required reliable navigation tables.
Scientists of those times observed the Moon and compiled huge tables where they recorded changes in its positions, which were used to check the correctness of the proposed formulas for the movement of the Earth's natural satellite. Such a check was based on a huge number of arithmetic calculations, which required patience and accuracy from the performer. To facilitate and speed up such work, computing devices began to be developed. This is how various mechanisms appeared - the first adding machines and adding machines.
A mechanical computing device is a device built on mechanical elements and providing automatic transfer from the lowest to the highest.
Mechanical digital computing devices are technical objects of a significantly higher level of complexity compared to previous pre-mechanical means. The prerequisites for their creation are considered to be scientific and technological progress and social needs, and the main technical prerequisite for their creation was the development of mechanics both at the stage preceding the creation of precision mechanics and at the stage of its formation and development.
It is believed that the mechanical stage continues from the invention of Pascal's adding machine (1642) to the creation of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulator (1887). A classic instrument of the mechanical type is the adding machine, invented by Leibniz, the manual drive of which was later replaced by an electric one.
B is an intermediate position between mechanical and pre-mechanical devices, which use a mechanical structure (for example, gears), but do not provide the transmission of tens. These devices are called quasi-mechanical, they include the machines of Leonardo da Vinci and Wilhelm Schickard.
Leonardo da Vinci's machine
Already in our time, drawings and a description of a 13-bit adding device belonging to the Italian scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) were discovered.
The basis of the machine, according to the description, consists of rods on which gears are attached (Fig. 3). Ten revolutions of the first wheel, according to the author's plan, should have led to one full revolution of the second, and ten revolutions of the second - to one revolution of the third, etc.
In 1969, using the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, the American computer manufacturing company IBM built a working machine for advertising purposes. Experts reproduced the machine in metal and were convinced of the complete validity of the scientist’s idea.
Leonardo da Vinci's adding machine can be considered a seminal milestone in the history of digital computing. This was the first digital adder, the prototype of the future electronic adder - the most important element of modern computers, still mechanical, very primitive (manually controlled).
“Computer devices” - Usually people buy color inkjet printers for home. Annotation. Computer functions. Internet resources: www.sipc.ru.; www.compsupport.ru; Computer security. A modem is a device for accessing the Internet via a telephone line. MEOW!.. etc.). The Internet is a global system for transmitting and storing data. Don't be greedy!
“Internet Device” - Zvezda. The topic of the lesson is “Composition of the Internet.” Teleconferences. Storage of files with programs and data, accessible to the user via the network. Notice boards. Internet structure. Internet telephony. Regional network. Local networks. There are corporate, national and international global networks.
"The Art of Leonardo da Vinci" - Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Castle of Amboise. End of life. "Annunciation". Leonardo da Vinci worked on a vertical take-off and landing apparatus. Leonardo planned to place a system of retractable staircases on the vertical “ornitottero”. The angel on the left (lower left corner) is the creation of Leonardo. Defeated teacher.
"The Works of Leonardo Da Vinci" - Inventions of Leonardo Da Vinci. New decorative works by Leonardo da Vinci. 1519 April 23. Leonardo in Amboise. 1517 October 1st. Life of Leonardo Da Vinci. MILAN AND FLORENCE 1507 Death of Francesco, uncle of Leonardo. Trouble about inheritance. 1507 October. Departure to Rome via Florence. Meeting of Francis I. 1515 December 8-15.
“Computer device” - a computer for computing. System software is divided into: Operating systems. A PC uses a structure with one common interface called the system bus. OSs were used for the first time to effectively manage computer resources. Software and hardware control. 1.7 External storage device. Poo. Slow response (cache miss).
"Leonardo da Vinci" - 1502 - enters the service of Cesare Borgia as an architect and military engineer. 1514-1516 - work on the painting “John the Baptist”. 1472-1477 - work on: “The Baptism of Christ”, “The Annunciation”, “Madonna with a Vase”. 1503 - return to Florence. 1509 - painting in St. Anne's Cathedral. 1503 - paintings “Battle of Andjaria (at Anghiari)” and “Mona Lisa”.
