When did the first television appear? Who invented the world's first television and how did television appear? What year was the first television

For a very long time, humanity has been pursuing the tempting idea of transmitting visual information over distances through technical means. The fundamental basis for the implementation of this plan was laid by the American scientist Smith, who discovered the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect (this happened in 1873). In 1888 A.G. Stoletov advanced this theory and established the laws of the external photoelectric effect.

A long way to a fantastic goal

He contributed to the development of this direction A.S. Popov- famous Russian inventor of radio communications. When wondering who invented the television, one cannot help but mention Professor B.L. Rosing, who worked at the St. Petersburg Technological University. In 1907, this scientist developed a “cathode telescope” system: it reproduced images using a cathode ray tube. And only in 1911, in laboratory conditions, it was possible to carry out the very first television broadcast, produced according to the above-mentioned principle. It took many years for the invention to leave the walls of the laboratory and be used in practice. So, the creation of the first television in the world took place, so to speak, in a number of stages.

German engineer Nipkow

In fairness, it is necessary to note the successes of Paul Nipkow, who back in 1884 filed a patent for an “electronic telescope”: this engineer from Berlin managed to decompose the image into elements (the principle worked at the moment of transmitting and receiving light signals, and the device itself with a special converter was called Nipkow disk). Such a projection device could perform mechanical scanning, but over time it fell out of use as the era of electronic television began. Based on all of the above, it is difficult to answer the question of when the first television was created.

Technology development

A follower of Rosing was his student who emigrated to the USA - VC. Zvorykin. It is believed that it was this man who developed the very first TV- an iconoscope that humanity began to use en masse.

The model was sold for $75, an amount equal to the average two-month salary of an American worker. The year of creation of this sample, which showed the eye only the play of shadows and unclear silhouettes, was 1928. Meanwhile, as a result of the intellectual efforts of the British, the next model, equipped with a kinescope, was released (this happened only in 1937). Perhaps this is all the information on the topic of “creator of television” that is interesting to many of us.

Massive box

Note that Zvorykin’s model, called RCS TT-5, was a dimensional device with a very miniature screen, the size of which was only 5 inches diagonally. Speaking about the first domestic television, we state the following fact: mechanical television systems existed in the vastness of the USSR longer than abroad. In the West, the electronic direction in the production of such equipment was introduced somewhat earlier. So, now you know what the first TV was, very different from the modern one.

December 21 is recognized as television day. This significant date is celebrated all over the world. Since its inception, television has been actively used to disseminate information and facts, formulate ideas and values in society. For several generations now people cannot imagine life without blue screens. TV is a means of entertainment, a relay of news and various information. It's hard to believe, but the history of this truly greatest invention goes back a little more than a century.

Another German, physicist K. Braun, created a unique piece - a cathode ray tube. She transmitted the image to other devices. In 1907, B. Rosing provided a theoretical basis for this discovery, constructing his own version of the tube, through which he obtained an image, although for now it was static. Thus, the rise of the television industry began with a still picture.

Interesting fact: Most scientists were known as dreamers in childhood. To make a discovery, you need to dream about it.

German scientists are considered the founders of television. Back in 1884, Paul Nipkow, one of them, created the first television system, which later formed the basis of the so-called mechanical television. It was a disk that transmitted images through pulses of electricity. The device contained holes in a spiral pattern. A photocell was installed opposite, onto which the rays fell, first passing through the plane of the disk. The invention was called an “electronic telescope.” It was used to receive and transmit television signals.

The disk that transmitted the signal in the first televisions had 300 holes. Broadcasting a rough and unclear, mechanical picture, it turned out to be the boundary line that separated the century before and the last.

2. The invention of the mechanical TV - the face is in the details

The man does not stop there. The pursuit of perfection - the basis of his essence - becomes the root cause of discoveries. Great minds were not satisfied with the image quality, and worked to ensure that the fabulous plate with a golden border transmitted clear signals. The next stage in the development of thought was the high quality of signal transmission. On the screen it was already possible to discern small details and people’s faces. The breakthrough in the field was made by Swede John Baird. Using the now famous Nipkow disk, or “electron telescope” as it was called in the patent document, he was able to achieve a clear signal.

Do you want to know who invented television? It was John Baird who first created a television system that transmitted not just a picture, but an image in motion. 1925 is the date when the device was created.

The engineer's achievement became a springboard for the development of small-line or mechanical television. Mechanical systems occupied a dominant position in the TV market for quite a long time, until the end of the 40s of the last century. Only after crossing the threshold of the second half of the twentieth century, humanity switched to electronic televisions.

In the USSR, mechanical devices were common for a longer time. They were finally replaced by electronic television systems only after the end of World War II.

3. Popularization of television, formation of the masses

TV did not immediately become popular. Yes, today channels and programs satisfy the curiosity of users, but at the beginning of the last century everything was different. People did not have the funds to buy, the store did not have an assortment, and television sets did not have the appropriate quality.

The first films were about the movement of locomotives and the work of representatives of various professions. As soon as mass production of televisions became possible, the television industry began to actively develop - they created television shows and made feature films.

Information media did not go unnoticed by the state machine. Television began to actively shape the mass consciousness of citizens. Regular television broadcasting first appeared in 1936 in Great Britain, and a little later in Germany. A moving picture combined with sound had a much greater effect than books and radio combined. The development of television marked the beginning of the formation of mass culture as we see it today.

4. Electronic TV - 5 inches breakthrough

Mechanical TVs initially did not provide decent image quality and had limited resources for development and improvement. This is why Japanese and American physicists and engineers had to resort to electronic means.

In 1933, experiments to create electronic televisions were crowned with success. The breakthrough was made by an American scientist, a native of the USSR, Vladimir Zvorykin. The researcher invented a cathode tube, which until recently was a mandatory part of all televisions. It took the scientist only three years to create, based on his own invention, the first electronic TV that can be used outside laboratory conditions. From this moment mass television began.

American laboratory RCA In 1939, it presented to the world the first device created specifically for home use. This was the RCS TT-5 model. TV watchers accustomed to watching their favorite shows from flat screens hanging on the wall like a painting would be quite surprised to see this bulky device that resembles a wooden box. The screen was small, like a modern medium-sized phone - 5 inches. This is hard to believe for users accustomed to widescreen TVs with .

The pursuit of perfection did not allow the researchers to rest on their laurels. In 1960, radio tubes were overthrown, giving way to semiconductors. Since then, televisions have become a highly sought-after product. Leading manufacturing companies worked to create perfect modifications. Microcircuits were used to transmit the signal. Modern technologies have made it possible to enclose the elements necessary for operation in a single microcircuit.

The TV ceased to be a “box” and became a picture. Every day the pace of development is gaining momentum, opening up new opportunities for users. Analogue television has almost completely exhausted itself. It is being replaced by satellite and digital television.

5. Television in the USSR - it all started with the B-2

The first television was assembled on the territory of the USSR in 1932. The mechanical modification was called B-2. At the same time, an experimental television session begins. A permanent television center appeared in 1937. Initially it was used for experimental purposes. The experiments ended after 2 years, and in 1939 television broadcasting became regular. During the Second World War, the development of television, as well as television broadcasting itself, was interrupted. Television Center began broadcasting again towards the end of the Second World War.

The birth of the electronic model of the popular TV KVN 49 dates back to 1949. The device had a screen with a small diagonal. To operate the device, a lens was used into which distillate was poured. The design of the device was improved, although even it was far from models.

Main milestones in the development of television broadcasting in the USSR:

6. Color television appeared in 1928

The colorful pictures broadcast on TV are associated with the name of the inventor Vladimir Zvorykin, who created a color television. Although consciousness associates color TV with the second half of the twentieth century, the first device that rebroadcast images in color appeared in 1928. Technical capabilities did not allow it to be put into mass production.

The plan was realized only by the 50s, or rather by 1954. The world saw the first color televisions with a 15-inch screen. Their parent turned out to be the RCA corporation.

After some time, 19- and also 21-inch modifications appeared on the market. Their cost exceeded a thousand dollars. Such luxury was not affordable for every average person - the masses had to be content with more democratic options.

7. Development of televisions to date

Since the end of the twentieth century, televisions have undergone an almost complete transformation. Without experiencing any special external changes, televisions evolved “from the inside.” The designers' experiments were aimed at introducing microcircuits that replaced traditional semiconductors, which at one time replaced lamps. Instead of wood, they are gradually starting to use plastic to create the body.

Since the 90s, there has been a decline in demand for televisions. This can be explained simply: the market is saturated. Almost every home has a TV, or even more than one. In response to falling consumer interest, manufacturers are introducing revolutionary technologies:

control is carried out remotely using a remote control;
thanks to the use of a shortened kinescope, televisions become more “flat” ( - in front);
plasma technologies appear.

Special attention should be paid to the invention of plasma televisions. I wonder who invented them? There were several creators of it - employees of the University of Illinois. Among them are D. Bitzer, G. Slottow. They presented an experimental prototype based on the plasma principle in 1964. However, at that moment their innovation did not find practical application due to the lack of digital technologies. Only after digital television replaced analogue television did plasma televisions become widespread.

It must be said that the triumph of plasma was short-lived. Already at the beginning of the 21st century, LCD televisions began to appear in parallel with plasma ones. By this time, the production of devices with kinescopes had finally sunk into oblivion.

The use of liquid crystals in the production of televisions has opened up new opportunities for researchers. They made it possible to create a three-dimensional image! Could this have been a dream of the first inventors, for whom the achievement was the transmission of a clear image of human faces!

Three-dimensional television was launched at the beginning of the century, although the first attempts to create a three-dimensional image date back to 1975. Who invented it remains a mystery today, since the technology was developed simultaneously in different parts of the world by leading television equipment manufacturers.

Since 2010, the production of plasma TVs has also been phased out. In 2015, their production finally ceased. From now on, the future belongs to LCD devices.

Televisions are no longer just televisions. Modern screens have the ability to access the Internet, integrate with a home computer network, and interact with a variety of devices such as video cameras, cameras, and flash drives.

More than half of the TVs produced today use curved screen models.

The development of TV technology every day delights users with new opportunities. Human imagination truly knows no bounds; scientists will look for ways to implement bold decisions. Today the world is talking about innovative screens that allow you to view three-dimensional images without the use of special glasses. The television industry is being reformatted to broadcast programs in three dimensions. What will be tomorrow? Wait and see!

Fixies tell interesting and informative stories about TVs for children here

It is difficult for us to imagine our life without television. Even if we don't watch it, it is still a vital part of our culture. Meanwhile, this invention is just over 100 years old. Television, whose history of origin and development fits into such a short period by the standards of history, has radically changed our communication, attitude to information, our states and culture.

Invention

The history of the invention of television lasts almost 100 years. Unlike radio, which was discovered simultaneously by two people in different parts of the world, television is a complex, step-by-step creation of technology. Each country has its own version of the history of the discovery of television, which emphasizes the participation of its scientists in this process. This is explained by the fact that the technology was created by entire teams in the form of solving individual technical problems. In order not to go into technical details, we will name the main engineers involved in this event.

At the origins is Willoughby Smith, who invented the photoelectric effect in selenium. The next stage of the discovery is associated with the name of a Russian scientist who patented an electrical method for transmitting images. Also, contributions to the discovery were made by P. Nipkov, D. Baird, J. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Termen, who independently create transmitters for broadcasting images in different countries. The next round of technology development is associated with the advent of electronic television. M. Dickmann and G. Glage documented the creation of a tube for transmitting images. But the first patent for the technology, which is still used in televisions today, was received by Boris Rosing in 1907. Then a whole galaxy of scientists worked to improve the technology. And in 1931, engineer V. Zvorykin creates an iconoscope, which is considered the first television. Based on this invention, F. Farnsworth creates a kinescope. This is how the history of the creation of television briefly looks like.

Work principles

In 1928, with the beginning of regular broadcasting, the real history of the emergence of television begins. Ulysses Sanabria was the first to use radio waves to transmit images and sound. The principle of operation of television is a special projection of the image onto a photosensitive plate in a cathode ray tube. For a long time, the history of television was associated with the improvement of this tube, which led to improved picture quality and an increase in screen surface. But with the advent of digital broadcasting, the principle changed; now a kinescope with a ray tube is no longer needed. It uses a completely different way of transmitting images. It is encoded and transmitted using digital channels and Internet systems.

Types of television

The long history of the development of television has led to the formation of numerous types. Firstly, it is divided into black and white and color. Until 1950, all televisions showed only black and white pictures. Two color television standards: NTSC and SECAM are still in use throughout the world. Television can also be divided into paid and free. In every country there is a set of channels that anyone with a TV can watch. But there are also channels whose signal can only be seen for money. Forms of payment may be different, but the share of such television steadily remains at 30% of the entire market.

Based on the method of signal transmission, television can be divided into:

terrestrial, in this case the television receiver receives a signal from a television tower, this is the most familiar and widespread method of broadcasting;
cable, in this case the signal comes from the transmitter via a cable connected to the TV;
satellite - the signal is transmitted from a satellite and is picked up by a special antenna, which transmits the image to a special set-top box connected to the TV;
Internet television, in this case the signal is transmitted via the Internet.

Based on the method of encoding information, television is divided into analog and digital. The second is of higher quality thanks to the latest encoding and transmission standards.

Television functions

Television has long been an important social phenomenon; it has many significant functions. Due to its enormous reach, accessibility and persuasiveness, television is the most important. Television is an effective tool for disseminating information to a large part of the population.

Thus, the history of television can be briefly described by the word “informing”. The second most important function is that it is not in vain that politicians and advertising are so eager to get on TV; it is this channel that allows you to convince a person of the correctness of a particular point of view and influence his behavior. Television also performs a cultural and educational function. It also transmits values, disseminates socially approved standards, it conveys knowledge to a person, and forms in him criteria for evaluating events and phenomena. Television is also capable of performing an integrative function, as it can unite people into certain communities. Like all media, television performs an educational function: it talks about what is good and evil, sets moral norms and values. And, of course, television performs an entertainment function; it helps a person relax and enjoy watching a TV show.

Types of television programs

The entire history of television is a path of searching for new formats of television programs. Channels are fighting for viewers and therefore are forced to create more and more new varieties. Modern television content can be divided into the following types:

Entertainment programs. Television is the main means of leisure for many people, so channels try to offer a variety of entertainment programs for different groups of viewers.
Information broadcasts. The history of the emergence of television is associated primarily with the need to disseminate information, and many people still turn on the TV in order to find out the news and gain additional information about phenomena and facts.
Infotainment programs. The combination of two important functions makes it possible to interest a larger number of viewers, and therefore producers are trying to combine the two formats in one type of program.
Educational programs. These programs are aimed at deepening and expanding knowledge on any issue. They provide viewers with useful information, allow them to learn something new and expand their horizons.
Socially activating programs. This content is aimed at mobilizing viewers, involving them in some socially significant activity, for example, elections.

The emergence and development of television broadcasting in the world

In 1928, the first television station began operating. Ulysses Sanabria first began transmitting images and sound over the frequencies of his radio station. But they were unable to begin regular broadcasting due to the Great Depression. The widespread history of television with regular broadcasting begins in 1934 in Germany. For the first time in history, the German television company RRG broadcast the Berlin Olympics on a television channel. In 1936, regular broadcasting was established in Great Britain. A little later, television companies appeared in the USA and the USSR.

In 1950, the United States introduced a new color television standard for the first time, and almost instantly this trend was picked up in all developed countries. In 1967, Europe and the USSR introduced their own color television standard. A television culture is gradually being formed, a system of genres is being developed, archives of programs are being created, and professional television journalists and presenters are appearing. In the second half of the 20th century, television became widespread; it existed in almost every home on Earth.

The history of television can be briefly described as a quest for world domination. Television has always competed with cinema, theater, and mass entertainment, but in the end it occupied its niche in modern culture, neither winning nor losing the competition.

The arrival of television in Russia

The history of the development of television in Russia begins late compared to other developed countries. This was prevented by the Second World War, which posed other, more pressing tasks for the state. Regular broadcasting began in 1931, when a medium wave broadcaster was launched. At first, only 30 mechanical televisions accept it; later, Russian craftsmen begin making homemade receivers. In 1933, production of attachments for the B-2 radio receiver began to be produced for receiving domestic television signals. In 1949, serial production of domestic KVN televisions began. In 1951, the Central Television of the USSR State Television and Radio was created. In 1959, experiments were carried out to launch color broadcasting. In 1965, the USSR launched the first satellite, which made it possible to broadcast a television signal throughout the country.

The massive history of television in Russia begins in 1951, when the central studio began operating. The Soviet government took the creation of the television company very seriously, understanding its enormous potential to influence the minds of the country's population. Therefore, the government took a thorough approach to organizing the work of the studio; it opened several thematic editorial offices: socio-political, for children and youth, music, literary and dramatic. A year later, the Leningrad Television Studio appeared. Both television studios are subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Culture.

Until 1965, broadcasting was carried out only in Moscow and Leningrad. In the second half of the 50s, television studios appeared in many regions; they filmed stories for the central studio. At the end of the 60s, broadcasting began to spread to European territory, and since 1965 - to the entire country. New editions are gradually appearing: “Latest news”, “First program”, “Moscow program”, “Educational program”, etc. The broadcasting time is expanding, and new channels appear over time. There is a division by numbers: the Central Studio broadcasts on the first number, and local programs on the second. In the early 80s, republican television studios appeared. Central Television begins to launch several takes for different regions.

New television of Russia

With perestroika, approaches to the work of television are changing, and the possibility of organizing independent television companies appears. The history of the creation of a new format of television begins with the emergence of the VID television company. It is organized by young journalists V. Listyev, A. Lyubimov, A. Razbash, D. Zakharov. The broadcaster begins to create various products and sells them to new broadcasters. In 1989, the corporatization of existing television studios began, new organizations appeared: Ostankino, VGTRK, Petersburg - Channel 5. The main frequencies are distributed between them, and small television companies begin to film various programs for them. In 1996, the rapid growth of new television companies of various sizes began, from large ones, such as NTV and Ren-TV, to the smallest, city level. This diversity leads to the fact that many programs of various types appear on the air: from political to entertainment. The number of television professionals is growing in the country, television is becoming an economically profitable field of activity.

Since 2006, a clear division into state and commercial television has begun, between which there is intense competition for viewers. Today in Russia there are about 3,200 television companies that create products for all groups of viewers.

Commercial television in Russia

The history of Russian television repeats the history of the entire country. Therefore, when the USSR collapsed and a state emerged with new economic and political principles, television was also forced to change. Thus, commercial television appears, which, in addition to the previously listed functions, pursues the goal of generating economic profit. The commercialization of television leads to the emergence of advertising, which is a source of finance. The pay television segment is also emerging, which includes cable, satellite and Internet television.

In Russia, this process is extremely slow, the majority of the population is not ready to pay for a television product, and commercial channels cannot offer much unique content that would compete with free television. The development of pay television has been further complicated by the Internet, where Russians can get almost any information for free. However, it can be seen that Russian residents are gradually getting used to services such as cable and satellite television, which bring a large number of channels into the home for a small amount of money.

With great difficulty, but purely commercial television is being formed, which exists only through the sale of its television product. Such an example is, for example, the independent television company Dozhd, which exists by selling subscriptions to its channel and attracts viewers with unique original programs. The history of the creation of pay television in the West has a much more successful history. In Russia, however, commercial television is still trying to exist at the expense of advertisers, attracting a large number of viewers for free.

Digital television

The entire history of television is connected with the development of technological progress. It influences changes in image transmission technology and determines the emergence of new types of television. Thus, with the emergence of digital technologies, corresponding television appears. There are several options for transmitting a digital signal: cable, satellite and terrestrial. The latest technologies allow television receivers with a special decoder to receive digital signals along with analogue signals. Digital technology allows you to quickly broadcast high-definition images over any distance. Depending on the type of encoding, there are several world standards: European, Japanese and American. The main advantages of digital television over analogue are as follows:

reduction of interference during signal transmission;
increase in transmitted programs in one frequency range;
improving the quality of transmitted images and sound;
the possibility of interactive interaction with the viewer, he can choose viewing time, review programs, order certain content;
the ability to transmit additional information, except television programs.

Today, all over the world, analogue transmitters are rapidly being replaced by digital ones. Russia has also adopted a program to replace analogue broadcasting with digital; today all main channels transmit two types of signals, but the number of analogue channels will gradually decrease. Over time, when all viewers replace the television receivers in their homes with modern ones, it will come to naught.

Modern trends in the development of television in the world

From television it changes its vector. Today, every major television company creates an electronic version of the channel, where you can watch TV shows, leave comments, and make some requests. Television is changing the model of interaction with viewers; now channels are constantly striving to involve viewers in communication. And obviously, this trend will only develop. Viewers already have the opportunity to leave comments, vote, and ask questions to the program characters. Apparently, in the near future the broadcast grid will lose its relevance; each viewer will create his own grid upon request. The modern viewer is increasingly becoming a consumer, and his interests will continue to determine the form of information presented on television. The trend of integrating television with electronic media will apparently only increase. The TV will become not only a receiver of television content, but also a multifunctional device.

Prospects for the development of television in Russia

Modern television is moving in the same direction as global television. In 2004, access to the fiber-optic method of transmitting a television signal was achieved for the first time in Russia. Thus opened a new era of Internet television. Today, television companies are under strong pressure from electronic media, which attract viewers, especially young people. Therefore, it is obvious that the history of television in Russia will develop in competition and cooperation with the Internet. Today, 99% of households are covered by television broadcasting, but there is an emerging trend of abandoning televisions, especially in young families in the capital region. Apparently, the existing diversity of television companies will decrease slightly due to those migrating to the Internet, the specialization of companies will increase, and the division into broadcasting and production companies will become more intense.

Today it is difficult to imagine that just over a hundred years ago humanity could do without television. This technology has become a familiar part of the family, entertaining, educating and informing the rest of the household. In this regard, it will be interesting to find out who invented the first television.

It is very important to note that before the very first television appeared, radio was invented. Here opinions about its “founding fathers” vary: the domestic point of view names the name inventor of radio No. 1 A.S. Popov, and abroad the same problem was studied by Marconi, Tesla, and Branly.

The question of who exactly invented the television cannot be given a definite answer. Next you can name the name of Paul Nipkow. It was he who came up with a special device - a disk named after him. The invention occurred in 1884. It was the radio signal and mechanical scanning that gave rise to television.

Few people know what exactly with the help Nipkow disk It was possible to read the image line by line and transmit it further to the screen. The enterprising John Bird from Scotland in the late twenties of the last century developed the first television based on this principle. He began to successfully implement the created project.

John Logie Baird

The leadership of mechanical television receivers from the Baird corporation of the same name was assigned to such devices until the 30s. The picture was clear, but there was no sound. However, the future was predetermined: it belonged to the cathode ray tube.

Invention and use of CRT

The global trend of technical superiority forced the best minds to work for the benefit of progress: work on the invention of the cathode ray tube (CRT) was carried out in many countries. Again it is worth highlighting contribution of Russian scientists- in 1907, Boris Rosing received a patent for a similar development. But he came to this conclusion based on previous discoveries.

And here we can give a brief excursion into history. You may recall that the German Heinrich Hertz discovered the influence of light on electricity in 1887: this is how photo effect. Then he could not explain in what quality and why the photoelectric effect was needed. This was done for him a year later by Alexander Stoletov, who tried to construct a prototype of modern photocells when the “electric eye” device was invented. After him, many scientists tried to explain the nature of this phenomenon. Albert Einstein can also be included among them.

Other discoveries that influenced the future emergence of television are also important. For example, in 1879, English physicist William Crookes created substances (luminophores) that could glow under the influence of a cathode ray. And Karl Brown even made an attempt to create a future kinescope. Just thanks to this Brownian kinescope and the already mentioned Boris Rosing was able to substantiate the theory of obtaining images in this way. And in 1933, his student Vladimir Zvorykin created the first television with an iconoscope - that’s what he called the electron tube.

It is Zvorykin who is considered the “father” of modern TV. Even the world's first television was created in his American laboratory of the same name (he was an emigrant who left the country after the October Revolution). And in 1939, the first models for mass production appeared.

This led to the fact that in subsequent years the first televisions actively conquered European countries - first in Great Britain, Germany and so on. At first, the entire image was transmitted in optical-mechanical scanning, but then, with an increase in image quality, the transition to beam scanning took place in a cathode ray tube.

The first televisions appeared in the USSR already in 1939 - they began to be produced by the Leningrad Komintern plant. The principle of operation was the operation of a Nipkow disk, and therefore such a set-top box, having a screen of 3 by 4 cm, was necessary connect to radio. Then it was necessary to switch the radio to other frequencies - as a result, it was possible to watch those programs that were broadcast in European countries.

It was also interesting that these first televisions could be made by anyone. Especially for this purpose, the corresponding instructions were published in the Radiofront magazine.

Regular television broadcasting was started in 1938 by the Experimental Leningrad Center. And in the capital, television programs began to air about six months later. Interestingly, each of the television centers in these cities used different decomposition standards, which required the use of certain models of equipment.

To receive broadcasts from the Leningrad Television and Radio Center, the “VRK” television device was used (in decryption - the All-Union Radio Committee). It was a device with a 130x175 mm screen, the kinescope in which was powered by 24 lamps. Principle of operation - decomposition into 240 lines. Interestingly, in the thirties of the last century, 20 copies of such a device were produced. Such equipment was installed in pioneer houses and palaces of culture for the purpose of collective viewing.
The Moscow television center broadcast from decomposition into 343 lines- this was perceived by the TK-1 devices. A more complex device with 33 lamps was already implied here. In 1938 alone, 200 of them were produced, and by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - 2 thousand copies.

The research into human engineering did not stop there - simplified models were bound to appear sooner or later. For example, at the Leningrad Radist plant in 1940, a serial version of the 17TN-1 was proposed, which could reproduce programs from both Leningrad and Moscow television. Production was launched, but only 2 thousand units were produced before the outbreak of hostilities.

You can also give an example of a simplified model called “ATP-1” (Subscriber television receiver No. 1) - it was the prototype of modern cable subscription television. It was produced by the Aleksandrovsky plant before the war.

When did television become color?

All of the above talks about the transfer of black and white images. Scientists continued to work to make it color.

When did color televisions appear? People first began to think about this during the time of mechanical television receivers. One of the first developments was presented by Hovhannes Adamyan, who back in 1908 received a patent for a device capable of transmitting signals. two-color device. It is impossible not to mention John Logie Brad, the same inventor of the mechanical receiver. It was he who, in 1928, assembled a color television that sequentially transmitted three images using a blue, red and green filter.

But these were only attempts. A real leap in the development of color television occurred after the end of World War II. Since all efforts were devoted to civilian production, this inevitably led to progress in this area. This is what happened in the USA. An additional rationale was the use decimeter waves for image transmission.

This led to the fact that already in 1940, American scientists presented the Triniscope system. It was notable for the fact that it used three kinescopes with different colors from the phosphor glow, each of which reproduced a different color of the image.

As for domestic spaces, similar technical developments began to appear in the USSR only in 1951. But a year later, ordinary TV viewers could see a trial color broadcast.

In the 70s, television became a common technical device in many homes around the world. The Soviet space was no exception, the only thing worth noting is that color television receivers remained in our country scarce almost until the end of the eighties of the last century.

Progress does not stand still

Inventors tried to improve the result obtained - this is how the remote control appeared in 1956. Who created such a useful device? It was developed by Robert Adler in 1956. The principle of its operation was to transmit ultrasonic signals, which were modulated by the corresponding commands. The very first remote control could only control the volume and change channels, but even at that time this was a pretty significant statement.

Concerning infrared version of the remote control, then it appeared in 1974 as a result of developments by Grundig and Magnavox. Its birth was dictated by the advent of teletext, which required more precise control, which means that buttons appeared then. And already in the eighties, the remote control was additionally used as an analogue of a gamepad, because then televisions also became an additional monitor to the first household computers and game consoles.

With the advent of VCRs, there was a need for the additional implementation of a component video input (in addition to the already existing analog antenna).

With the beginning of the twenty-first century, the era of picture tubes came to an end - plasma panels and LCD TVs. And by the 2010s, CRT models were practically forced out of the market by flat devices in LCD and PDP formats. Many of them can connect to the Internet and even demonstrate the ability to view 3D content.

Today's television receiver bears little resemblance to its ancestor - it has functions home media center, while maintaining the functions of viewing over-the-air and cable television. And this is not to mention the quality of the image itself, transmitted in high definition (and in top models, ultra-high definition).

A TV today cannot be called a luxury item, as it was 50 years ago. This device is now in every home. The whole family gathers around it in the evenings and on weekends, and it is a real center of entertainment and receiving the most up-to-date information about events in the country and in the world. This piece of furniture has become so familiar that it seems as if it has always existed. But this achievement of scientific and technological progress has its own history. It would not be amiss to note the names of its creators and remember the long path of its development.

The history of the discovery of television

The appearance of television was preceded by several very important and interesting events in the world of science and technology. It was they who made this invention possible, which very soon became a very important achievement that completely transformed our lives.

We list only the most important discoveries in science that influenced the creation of this device:

the creation of the theory of light waves - the physicist Huygens, who went down in history, managed to understand the nature of light;
discovery of electromagnetic waves - Maxwell;
discovery of the ability to influence the parameters of electric current by changing the resistance - it is this discovery of the scientist with the popular name Smith that is associated with the very first experiments in creating television systems;
discovery of the influence of light on electricity - Alexander Stoletov.

By the way, it was Stoletov who had the honor of creating the “electric eye” - that’s what the prototype of a modern photocell was called at that time. True, the photoelectric effect was first discovered by Heinrich Hertz, but he could not figure out how to use this phenomenon in practice. Stoletov did it for him, which is why he is considered the discoverer.

It is also important to remember that it was studied (at approximately the same time) how light affects the chemical composition of certain substances. As a result, the photoelectric effect was discovered, and it became clear to the scientific community that a picture can not only be “drawn” using electromagnetic waves, but also transmitted over a certain distance. And the invention of radio, which at that time had already become famous, spurred the interest of scientists and technicians. Now nothing could hinder progress. The creation of the first television was predetermined.

Speaking about who invented the television, which after some time became the most popular and important means of distributing and receiving information, it is impossible to name any one name - a lot of people participated in its creation.

It all started with the work of the German technician Paul Nipkow, who in 1884 created a device that performed line-by-line scanning of any picture that could be transmitted to the screen in the form of an optical-mechanical scan. The device was mechanical and was called the “Nipkow disk”. It was on its basis that the first electromechanical device was designed, which can already be called a TV. Television systems based on the Nipkow disk were known until the 30s of the twentieth century.

The very first kinescope was created by Karl Brown. It was called the “Brown tube” and became the prototype of modern picture tubes, which were used until the advent of liquid crystal and plasma panels.

Speaking about the first device that can already be called a television, it is necessary to remember the name of the Scotsman John Bird. He created a mechanical device operating on the basis of a Nipkow disk and put it into production. Bird turned out to be a very enterprising man, and his corporation flourished in the complete absence of competitors. True, his televisions did not have sound, but despite this, they were noticeably popular. The signal was transmitted over a fairly long distance - in 1927, communication was established between London and Glasgow at a distance of about 700 kilometers. However, the future of television lay with the vacuum tube invented by Brown.

Who invented the modern television

After its appearance, Brown's pipe did not become widespread. However, a few years later, the Russian scientist Boris Rosing became interested in it, and in 1907 he patented a similar device. His systems had no mechanical parts, and therefore can be called the first fully electronic devices.

And the date of appearance of the first television with an iconoscope (as the tube was called by its creator Vladimir Zvorykin, a student of Rosing) is considered to be 1933. The TV was assembled in the American laboratory of a scientist who left Russia after the revolution. It is Zvorykin who has the honor of being called the creator of modern television. Zvorykin's TV went into mass production in 1939. The device had a screen measuring 3x4 cm.

The first device to replace the mechanical Nipkow disk was created by the American Fransworth Philo Taylor and was called an image dissector. The device scanned an image like a Nipkow disk and divided it into electrical signals that could be transmitted. He also built the first fully electronic system, which was presented to the public in 1934.

After this series of inventions, experiments in the creation and development of television systems spread throughout the world.

Color TV

At first, scientists and technicians were faced with the task of transmitting images. Naturally, the first more or less high-quality images were transmitted in halftones; few people thought about color reproduction. And yet the idea of transmitting a color image over a distance did not leave the minds of scientists and technicians. The very first experiments were carried out at a time when mechanical Byrd receivers dominated the market. The first studies were presented to the scientific community by Hovhannes Adamyan. At the very beginning of the 20th century, he patented a device that worked in two colors.

In 1928, the first device was introduced that was capable of transmitting a color image sequentially behind three color filters. This device became the prototype of the modern full-color TV.

Real progress in this area began after World War II. All the countries' resources were used to restore the war-damaged economy and improve the quality of life of the population. Waves in the decimeter range began to be used to transmit images.

The basis for further research in this area was the American Triniscope system, which was presented to the public back in 1940. It worked on the basis of three picture tubes, each of which received only the color intended for it. The result was a color picture.

After this, progress in the field of color television could not be stopped.

Creation of television in the USSR

The Soviet Union lagged somewhat behind other advanced countries in the development of television and research in image transmission. This was facilitated, in particular, by the difficulties in the country's economy caused by the Great Patriotic War.

The first experiments in transmitting television images took place back in 1931. The very first TV was assembled on a Nipkov disk. It was produced at the Leningrad Komintern plant and was not an independent device, but an attachment that had to be connected to a radio receiver. The TV had a screen measuring 3x4 cm.

Engineers in all corners of the country assembled the devices themselves. For this purpose, detailed instructions were even published in the Radiofront magazine. The assembly process was extremely simple, so the first televisions of this type appeared in Soviet families.

How did the first television appear?

More or less regular television broadcasting appeared in the USSR in 1931 after the launch of a broadcasting station on medium waves. At first, the signal was received by only three dozen mechanical devices, but the audience was significantly expanded by “homemade” devices. Here are the main milestones in the development of television in the USSR:

1949: mastered the production of mass-produced KVN televisions with a cathode ray tube;
1951: creation of the Central Television Gosteleradio;
1959: experiments with color television broadcasting;
1965: The first satellite broadcasting a signal to the entire country.

Television studios began to appear not only in Moscow, but also in other large cities of the country. A whole range of television programs of various directions has appeared. The industry produced increasingly modern television receivers. And all of this led to the modern television environment we have today.